Female genital Mutilation in Sudan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Female genital Mutilation in Sudan - Essay Example Concentrate is additionally drawn on the various courses through which the administration of Sudan, diverse worldwide offices, nearby non-legislative associations, and common gatherings are attempting to stop this harsh practice. Networks that training FGM perform it in differing ways. The World Health Organization has created three significant classes of FGM. There is Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3. Type 1 female circumcision is alluded to as clitoridectomy. This principally includes the evacuation of the tip of the prepuce, with or without extraction of part or the whole clitoris. In Type 2, there is the evacuation of the clitoris along with part or the entirety of the labia minora. Type 3 female circumcision is additionally called infibulation. This includes the expulsion of most or the entirety of the female genitalia. In this sort, there is likewise the sewing of the vaginal opening, where just a little opening is considered pee and menstrual stream (Islam and Uddin 2001, p. 72). Ty pe 3 is viewed as the most extreme type of FGM. In Sudan, there are various names that are utilized to allude to every one of the three sorts of female circumcision. Type 1 is alluded to as â€Å"Sunna.† This includes the evacuation of the tip of the prepuce. ... For example, a portion of the Muslim Sudanese hold that female circumcision is bolstered by Islam. Then again, the Muslim scholars in Sudan accept that there is no arrangement for FGM in the Koran (Islam and Uddin 2001, p. 73). In any case, Turshen (2000, p. 145) takes note of that FGM is connected to Islam, despite the fact that not every single Muslim nation maintain it. As to the pervasiveness of female circumcision in Sudan, the discoveries of Sudan Demographic and Health Survey (SDHS) of 1989 - 1990 show that 89% of the ever-hitched ladies have experienced some type of FGM. The Northern piece of Sudan positions high, with around 99% of the ever-hitched ladies having experienced circumcision (Landinfo 2008, p. 6). In 2001, Islam and Uddin led an examination in Sudan to decide the predominance of female circumcision in the area. Their investigation concentrated on Haj-Yousif and Shendi, which are in the North, just as Juba, in the South. In any case, in this paper, the attention i sn't on South Sudan. The investigation of Islam and Uddin (2001, p. 74) uncovered that female circumcision is exceptionally pervasive in Sudan. 100% of the respondents in Shendi, and 87% of respondents in Haj-Yousif had experienced circumcision. The most pervasive type of female circumcision was seen as the Pharaonic circumcision, which is the most serious structure. In Sudan, the procedure of female circumcision is performed by lay professionals. These have practically zero information on the female life systems, or medication. The conditions under which female circumcision happens in Sudan are underneath the cleanliness gauges. Moreover, no sedation is performed on the females before circumcision, and there is no cleaning of the instruments used to perform female circumcision (Landinfo 2008, p. 9). A significant motivation behind why

Review of Applications of Accounting Information System of Petroleum

Today the serious world has tossed more difficulties to the corporate world. Increasingly straightforward and clear data to the corporate administration and its clients additionally has been the stunt of achievement in today’s advertise. An organization can pick up certainty and draw in more clients on the off chance that it is straightforward, clear considerable and emotional in its data it gives to its speculators and chiefs. Keeping this in see Accounting Information System has been the discussion of the corporate world.The oil delivering nations are likewise compelled to follow certain advancements in their bookkeeping frameworks in order to get more data in regards to dispersion and sharing of benefits among its financial specialists. This article is an examination on the significance and furthermore uses of AIS in oil organizations with unique reference to Yemen. Idea and meaning of AIS The meaning of AIS has developed throughout the years from one concentrating on the a rrangement of increasingly formal, monetarily quantifiable data to aid dynamic procedures to one that grasps an a lot more extensive extent of information.The measurements used to mirror the structure of AIS incorporate center, direction, time skyline, conglomeration, combination, practicality, money related and non-monetary, and quantitative and subjective. Characterizing AIS has been troublesome today and research here is very various. It incorporates conduct investigations of review choice †making instruments, field investigations of authoritative frameworks, plan, improvement of general record frameworks, and improvement of bookkeeping models that successfully use progression in PC innovation, utilization of various innovation answers for AIS circumstances, and numerous different sorts of studies.In general, a data framework is utilized to speak to this present reality wonders with a lot of images which are caught and actualized inside a mechanized domain (McCarthy, 1979). In this way, a bookkeeping data framework is one that interprets portrayals of monetary exercises into an organization that is significant to bookkeepers and to their clients I. e. , business chiefs, who need data about financial exercises. Bookkeepers are being constrained to rethink their commitment to associations and to extend the extent of their exercises past budget summary planning and analysis.They are being called upon to become dynamic undertaking wide colleagues who give data and direction in vital dynamic welcome. Likewise, everyday tasks chiefs request a wide scope of money related and non-budgetary execution measures. Thusly, if AIS will permit today’s bookkeepers to give the data, business chiefs, should meet the accompanying definition: â€Å"An bookkeeping data framework is one that catches, stores, controls, and presents information, about an organization’s esteem adding exercises to help leaders in arranging, checking, and controlling the associatio n. This definition positively incorporates money related bookkeeping frameworks, which have the basic role of producing fiscal reports as per Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Notwithstanding; this definition perceives that organizations must play out a wide scope of significant worth including exercises, (for example, creation, circulation, deals, and so on ) to be effective, and that the kinds of data expected to mange such exercises will be broad. In this manner, the extent of corporate frameworks that are incorporated under the AIS umbrella is a lot more extensive than the general record framework and the projects that get ready diary passages to take care of it.Actually, AIS is a framework that guides in handling exchanges and in following the information that outcome from such exchanges. These frameworks likewise should give execution estimations (monetary and non-money related) and help to implement the board control goals. They incorporate exchange preparing f rameworks, (for example, charging frameworks for deals forms), interorganizational frameworks that share information with upstream and downstream accomplices, (for example, online request frameworks and electronic information trade money receipt handling), and backing systems.This empowers financial trades, (for example, request handling, client showcase investigation, and stock control frameworks). This definition has solid integrative ramifications. For instance, the effect of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) frameworks available has been emotional. These frameworks were at first planned around center capacities, for example, assembling or HR. As they developed, their expansiveness extended to incorporate considerably more of the organization’s exercises. The key trademark they grasped was building up a coordinated information store which was available by clients all through the organization.ERP frameworks give enormous measures of information that is up dated continuousl y, and they can give more prominent arranging support and a more extensive scope of execution estimations which were done already by assembling or the executives arranging frameworks. Bookkeeping Information System (AIS) is the Information subsystem inside an association that collects data from the entity’s different subsystems and conveys it to the organization’s data preparing subsystem. The AIS has generally centered around gathering, handling, and imparting money related situated data to a company’s outer gatherings (e. . speculators, leasers, and government specialists) and inside gatherings (fundamentally the board). Under the customary perspective on AIS, each organization’s utilitarian territories, for example, showcasing, creation, fund, and HR, keep up a different data framework. Be that as it may, associations have discovered the need to incorporate these different frameworks into one consistent database or to big business wide data framework. Today, the AIS is worried about non-money related data just as monetary information and information.Accounting Information System (AIS) depends on esteem bookkeeping hypothesis which are intended to store and sum up budgetary exchanges used to deliver fiscal reports as per Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and to record to the proprietors of the business along these lines. The figure No. 1 has demonstrated Accounting Information System as sensible piece of MIS. The board Information System (MIS) is characterized as a sorted out strategy for furnishing data to every trough with all the information and just those information which he requirements for his choices when he needs them and in a structure, which helps to comprehend and invigorate his action.Fig. No. 1 Illustrates AIS as a Logical Part of MIS. To put it plainly, the specialists concur with the definition by Remney Steinbart (2000) : An Accounting data framework (AIS) comprises of individuals, strategies and dat a innovation. Bookkeeping Information Systems Functions: Meigs et al. (1999) determined the fundamental elements of bookkeeping frameworks in creating data about the money related situation of a business and the aftereffects of its tasks; each bookkeeping framework performs following essential capacities: 1. Decipher and record the impacts of business exchanges. 2.Classify the impacts of comparable exchanges in a way that grants assurance of the different aggregates and subtotals valuable to the executives and utilized in bookkeeping reports. 3. Sum up and convey the data contained in the framework to leaders. The distinctions in bookkeeping frameworks emerge principally in the way and speed with which these capacities are performed. They guarantee full control, which affirm the exactness in recording and controlling the information identified with business movement and furthermore, ensure those information and associations resources. Qualities of Accounting Information:Stambaugh ; Carpente, (1992) included in quickly the Information attributes as follows. 1-Provided on convenient premise. 2-Presented in a tastefully engaging configuration. 3-Relevant to the current choices. 4-Concise yet adequate in degree to permit â€Å"what-if† investigation. 5-Flexible to interface with data from other utilitarian units. There is additionally a few attributes decide the characteristics that make data important: 1. Expenses versus-benefits: some of the time data costs more to get extra data than the data is worth.Thus, money saving advantage considers to give a general imperative on the measure of data a chief will get. 2. Understandability/Granularity/Aggregation: Many elements can add to the understandability of data, including client information, ability, preparing, and inspiration. Likewise, data structure decisions its degree of accumulation (or granularity) which will influence its understandability, henceforth, its helpfulness for controlling data uprightness . For certain reasons, exceptionally accumulated data might be called for; while for different purposes, extremely point by point data might be required.Thus, properly customized degrees of granularity/conglomeration can be empowering influences of data honesty. An intermediary for the understandability of data is its similarity with client indicated necessities. 3. Unwavering quality : the data must be solid, you should have the option to rely on its being what its motivation to be (this is known, all the more officially, as authentic loyalty), and on its being sensibly liberated from blunder and predisposition (this is known, all the more officially, as nonpartisanship) . Moreover , for data to be dependable, it should be true.If seversal distinctive people(or systems)set out to get the data from the information, they should all arrive at a similar resolution (this is know, all the more officially, as undeniable nature). Infomration that isn't veriable , or not impartial, or not a uthentically devoted can’t be depended on for dynamic. 4. Cash/Timeliness: It must be acknowledged that total fulfillment and precision are unimaginable or unfeasible to accomplish. Data Curre

Critically Evaluate The Cognitive Theory Of Stereotyping. Essay Example For Students

Fundamentally Evaluate The Cognitive Theory Of Stereotyping. Article Word Count: 3201B231: Social Interaction, Exam Paper 1998, Question 4. Graeme GordonStereotyping is a type of pre judgment that is as common in todays society as it was 2000 years prior. It is a social mentality that has stood the trial of time and got a lot of consideration by social analysts and logicians the same. Numerous ways to deal with, or hypotheses of generalizing have accordingly been raised. This exposition assesses the psychological methodology that categorisation is a fundamental intellectual procedure that definitely prompts generalizing. Hamilton (1979) calls this a discouraging predicament. Tans (1995) meaning of generalizing through preference is the holding of censorious social perspectives or intellectual convictions, the declaration of negative effect, or the showcase of antagonistic or prejudicial conduct towards individuals from a gathering because of their participation to that gathering. This definition infers that generalizing is essentially a gathering procedure, through the people minds inside that gathering. A further thought of generalizing, characterized by Allport (1954) as considering sick others without warrant, is that individuals make their psyche up with no close to home understanding. This pre judgment about an entire gathering is then moved to the trashing of any people in that gathering. It is these thoughts that the article intends to assess, through the intellectual procedure of categorisation and the above definitions that realize three unmistakable highlights of generalizing, that our cognizance can be shown through. The principal normal for generalizing is over-speculation. Various examinations led found that various mixes of attributes were related with gatherings of various ethnic and national source (Katz and Braly, 1933). Nonetheless, generalizing doesn't suggest that all individuals from a gathering are decided in these manners, simply that a run of the mill individual from a gathering can be sorted in such decisions, that they have the qualities of the gathering. All things considered, when we discuss a gathering, we do as such by envisioning an individual from that gathering. The subsequent component and normal for generalizing is the misrepresentation of the contrast between ones own gathering (the in-gathering) and the other gathering (the out-gathering). This can be followed back to crafted by Tajfel during the 1950s the emphasis rule (Tajfel, 1981). Tajfels work was explicitly on physical improvements, and presumed that decisions on such boosts are not made in disengagement, however with regards to different components. Applied socially a judgment about an out-bunch depends upon different components encompassing the judgment being referred to, just as saying something about the in-gathering and the connection between the two gatherings. Through generalizing and categorisation we misrepresent the contrasts between the gatherings. From this comes the impact that in accepting an out-bunch is homogenous, through overstated contrasts, their in-bunch isn't with particularly less over-speculation occurring (Linville, et al., 1986). The third attribute of generalizing is that of the outflow of qualities. Most cliché decisions of gathering attributes are in truth moral assessments (Howitt, et al., 1989). For instance, Katz and Braly (1933) contemplated a gathering of understudies mentalities to towards minority gatherings. They found that Jews were ascribed to being mean (as far as cash), as opposed to they themselves being high-rollers. Additionally, they found that there was a solid view that French individuals were edgy. This really infers they are over-sensitive over the standard, as everyone is edgy, as such, and in this way there would be no need to make reference to it. Finishing up from this, it is legitimate to state that a worth has been put on a trademark for this situation, a cliché one. An analysis with quite a bit of this examination is that members are solicited to make decisions out from social setting in unique circumstances. Howitt, et al. (1989) express that this prompts a harsh ramifications: that ascribing a gathering with a trademark is likewise retaining others. Be that as it may, generalizing prompts more than simply setting a modifier onto a gathering or classification. The intellectual procedures that offer motivation to generalizing are a lot further than this, offering ascend to the above attributes. The subjective way to deal with generalizing is that we as a whole generalization, at different levels as a result of the fundamental psychological procedure of categorisation (Brown, 1995). Howitt, et al. (1989) take this view likewise, and include that it is a standard procedure of thought to over-sum up, and afterward ensure it. We live in a perplexing social condition, which we have to disentangle into gatherings, or classifications. This disentanglement is available at all degrees of life it is a piece of our language, recognizing pooch and feline, male and female, and even in the fundamental thought processes of recognizing nourishment and non-nourishment. Such categorisation may appear to be semantically straightforward, however is fundamental for instance, the arrangement of components and creatures by scholars and scientific experts: one of the most essential elements of all life forms is the cutting up of the earth into groupings (Rosch, et al., 1976). Notwithstanding, the point must be made that, despite the fact that language recommends in this way, categorisation prompts various capacities and highlights in non-people and people. For generalizing is absent in non-people, along these lines, we may reach the resolution that generalizing is conceivable through etymology this subject is examined furthe r later. This categorisation likewise has shifting profundities of good importance, or worth, which can prompt differing levels of generalizing. For instance, the categorisation of Catholic Protestant in Northern Ireland. Categorisation is viewed as a method for requesting what we see (Billig, 1985), boosts of the outer world that should be disentangled, utilizing notable pictures, to go into our momentary memory (Neisser, 1976). This improvement procedure changes James blossoming, humming disarray into a progressively sensible world in which it is simpler to adjust categorisation is an intellectual adjustment. For we don't have the ability to react diversely to every improvement, regardless of whether it be an individual, an item, or an occasion. Categorisation is significant in consistently life, just as in the most outrageous of conditions for instance, the segregation among companion and adversary. For categorisation to be valuable, we improve the distinction between gatherings. This was seen as the case at both social and physical levels, and later got known as the emphasis rule (see above). Be that as it may, the differentiation between physical improvements and social articles must be clarified. We ourselves our social items, accordingly, we are involved by such categorisations. As Hogg and Abrams (1988) state: it is dangerous to dismiss this thought. This can be found in the emphasis of out-bunch homogeneity (Park and Rothbart, 1982). Mary Flannery O’Connor Analysis EssayWe know about the chance and capacity to change. Notwithstanding, we don't communicate this adaptability since it is an interruption of the standard, or, of the social gathering thought. Goffman (1959) sees regular daily existence as dramaturgical (All the universes a phase, and all the people just players Shakespeare). To upset this is change the content, and break out of the similarity of the social gathering, self-to-self and to other people. All things being equal, this delineates through our capacity to classify, we can particularize and accomplish more with the boosts than aggregate more cases of foreordained classifications (Billig, 1985). In Billigs elective way to deal with generalizing, he additionally raises the purpose of classification determination an issue that subjective therapists have frequently ignored. Tversky and Gati (1978) found that various boosts are decided on their likenesses and contrasts before categorisation an d this judgment can be diverse relying upon what way the improvements is seen. Billigs point is that we should particularize before classifying and in this way a connection has been shaped. Categorisation infers an inflexibility in our insight. Generalizations, ordinarily, are over speculations. Such rigidity is certifiably not a potential procedure of our perception categorisation don't exist in confinement (Billig, 1985). As categorisation prompts numerous classifications, through its definition, without a doubt just a single such classification might be so unbending and firm, as different classifications must be utilized by it, and in this way be adaptable. In this manner, categorisation is anything but an unbending procedure, yet includes change which is intelligent of our comprehension and change is conceivable (clashing with Allports definition). The contrast between two gatherings influences different traits of the out-gathering, including those that are like the in-gathering. By partitioning further such similitudes, we are starting a resistance against change in our perspectives and classifications. This imagination is another case of the adaptability of categorisation. In the most extraordinary cases, this can prompt an innovativeness exhibited by racial scholars, which truth be told, negates their preference and unbending nature of classes. This adaptability can be delineated further by contemplates that have indicated that in generalizing, individuals suggest that the vast majority of a gathering groups a stereotypic quality yet not all individuals. Accordingly, is the requirement for extraordinary cases, acknowledgment of individualisation and resistance (Billig, 1985). As indicated by the subjective methodology, generalizing is a gathering procedure. It might happen in gatherings, yet it is the individual minds that make up the gathering, that venture their generalizations through a gathering. We do be able to consider individuals to be people and particularize their one of a kind qualities. We can change, as even categorisation is adaptable, which subverts the psychological methodology with categorisation, despite the fact that it might require some investment on a social level. To finish up, the psychological methodology alone doesn't give us a comprehension of st

Bullying Case Study Analysis through the Major Psychology Studies

Bullying Case Study Analysis through the Major Psychology Studies Once upon a time, there was a girl named Sarah who went to school with children, studied in the university with other students or worked in an office with white collars. In fact, that doesn’t matter who, how old, and where she was. The thing is that she was kinda different, no matter how, maybe she was a bit taciturn, or liked a special type of food, or followed a separate religion, and because of that, Sarah often got picked on. Just because she was not like everyone else. Loads of people have been in Sarah’s shoes and got bullied because of the race, religion, social, gender or national differences, and, the chances are that they consider bullies the real villains. In some measure, that is the truth because every person has a choice. However, we would like you to have a look at the issue from a different perspective – the share of social impact on the bullying phenomenon. Stanford Prison Experiment Let’s consider any bullying case study in terms of the most popular psychological studies, and Stanford Prison Experiment is one of them. Regular students were placed in jail and were given roles: prisoners and guards. After some time, they got into the characters so much that guards assaulted prisoners psychologically and physically without any hints from the research team, and â€Å"convicts† accepted the abuse like normal behavior. After 6 days, the experiment was stopped. The result of the experiment stated that the reasons for such course of actions were not certain personalities of the participants or predisposition for violence, but the situation and environment were put in. Sounds familiar? The Third Wave Studying fascism in one of California high schools, students couldn’t understand how German people could have accepted the Nazi regime. In fact, they claimed that they would never join the movement willingly. To prove them wrong, the history teacher promoted some concepts mimicking certain peculiar features of the Nazi regime. After 5 days, the movement following these concepts got out of control, and the teacher gathered a meeting explaining what happened. Bullying appears as a result of stereotypes and standards set too high. The society itself produces bullies who pick on people refusing to follow the â€Å"correct† and approved by the majority rules. Asch Conformity Experiments Solomon Asch studied the phenomenon of people following the crowd. His most famous experiments consisted of placing real participants with fake ones. The real subjects of the studies had to give correct answers to different questions, but only after the fake ones had responded first (opting for a wrong variant). During the first sessions, participants answered correctly, but after some rounds, they followed the crowd and chose wrong variants. As you can see, these experiments prove the social nature of bullying. We don’t protect bullies by any means. We’re just saying that before blaming them for all the evil in the world, you should address bigger issues and raise people’s awareness about something like fakely set social standards if you really want to change the situation. Be smarter than those who follow the crowd. At AdvancedWriters.com service, we can provide you with case study analysis help from reliable writers.

The Information Security Team Commits Confidentiality,...

The Information Security team commits to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of assets. Even more, security policies clarify how the company intends to protect company assets against similar breaches in the future. For example, the Monitoring and Logging Policy define the following procedures to review: systems logs; access reports; administrator and operator logs; fault logs. Monitoring and logging are important to any information security program. In general, monitoring ensures users are doing legal activities on company systems. To begin with, a risk assessment determines what computers and systems to log, and naturally, the information security team monitors the high-risk systems. Next, trained personnel configure systems to facilitate monitoring and logging to track security incidents with approved system utilities or auditing tools, in other words, scripts, log management software, and security incident event management (ISO, 2005). Also, management will pre-approve tools, and controls will safeguard operational systems during the analysis process. Consequently, monitored systems and security events generates an audit log entry, thereby producing a time-stamped reference trail. In the end, the monitoring and logging policy will aid in protecting electronic protected health information (EPHI) on information systems. Monitoring and Logging Policy Justification First of all, a monitoring and logging policy is a crucial component of any security programShow MoreRelatedComputer Crimes And Its Effect On Our Individual Privacy1377 Words   |  6 Pagesnetwork. Many computers have been used to commit crimes, and it may target individual or groups to harm a victim intentionally. Basically, computers are used in several different roles of criminal activity and it affects our individual privacy. 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Contingency Approach & Change Management Process - Free Sample

Question: Define contingency approaches to change, explaining how they differ from change management models. Describe the five main change approaches according to the Dunphy/Stace model of change. List and explain the 5 reasons why contingency approaches remain less prevalent (less popular) than the one-best-way change management approaches. State your personal point of view on whether contingency approaches or planned change management approaches make more sense and why. Answer: Introduction: The contingency approach is a management theory which says that the contingency theory depends on the context of situation and that the most rigid style of approach is inefficient in the long run. Contingency managers give attention to both the situation and their own styles of management and ensure that both of them interact appropriately. Contingency approach is important in organizations because of the learning experience from certain situations and using these experiences in managing future prospects of such situations. An advantage of contingency theory is that the managers adapt themselves to external changes and pressures and with time they become experiential leaders who are able to develop their skills in multiple areas (Businessballs.com, 2015). In this assignment, contingency approach and its relation with change management models have been discussed. In this regard, this essay throws light on the dunphy/stace model of change and the reasons why contingency approach is less prevalent than change management approaches is also discussed. Change management models vs. contingency approach to change: In the book leading change by john kotter change management is defined as an approach o transitioning teams, organizations and individuals to a desired future state. There are various change management models such as ADKAR model, Kotters 8 steps model, Virginia stair change process model, Bridges transition model and the Switch Framework model. Contingency approach dominates research and theory in the management literature it challenges the classical models and processes designed by management theorists such as Fayol and Taylor. The contingency approach to change assumes that people, situations, organizations change and vary over time. The change management models are useful in the way that they simplify and describe a process so that the principles can be applied and understood. Kurt Lewins unfreeze-Transition-refreeze model is well known as its easy to understand and it focuses on processes. Similarly the Adkar model is used in many organizations (Education Portal, 2015). It is a p ractical model of change that makes sense, simple to learn and focuses on outcomes and actions required for change. Thus in simple words, Contingency approach to change, state that there is no single fundamental rule of change which can be applicable to organizations. Organizations are different and they face different situations and it require different ways of solving those variables while change management believes that organizational change is an inevitable approach and changes should be implemented in organizations to gain lasting success and long term benefits. Dunphy/Stace model of change: Dunphy/Stace model of contingency approach of change is the most popular contingency approach. According to these two theorists, the change depends upon two major factors The leadership styles in implementing the change The level of change and how big it is. They proposed five major change approaches. They are: 1. Fine tuning, 2. Incremental adjustment, 3. Process reengineering, 4. Modular transformation and 5. Corporate transformation 1. Fine tuning: Most of the businesses are changing in all kinds of ways. Small changes can create extraordinary resistance and whilst implementing change in business may be easy care should be taken in deployment2. Incremental adjustment: Incremental adjustment in an organization can involve changing business emphasis, correcting faulty processes, reallocating staff and further more.3. Process reengineering: business process reengineering is a process where the principle is that where changes have limited effects, these implemented changes should be forgotten and change should be implied in a new way.4. Modular transformation: the next stage is modular transformation i.e. to take an entire business section and re-build and re-think it.5. Corporate transformation: Corporate transformations involve major changes of the entire company. In some cases, where the company has stagnated, the whole company needs to be transformed for the new markets and modern age (International Internation al, 2015). Contingency approach is less prevalent than change management approaches: Contingency approaches have remained less prevalent than change management approaches. There are many reasons why contingency approaches are not dominant these days. Firstly, the managers need to decide which way to pursue for changing the situation. Secondly, contingency approach focuses more on specific leadership style rather than on a specific set of change steps of action. Next, the paths of change create problems as it arranges changes among different leadership styles, different behaviors and different times. Finally, sometimes an organization needs to change only a part of problem but rather it changes the whole parts (Referenceforbusiness.com, 2015). For all these reasons contingency approach is not dominant than change management approach. Effectiveness of the Processes: According to my opinion, change management process should be more applicable than contingency approach. As change is a necessary part of all organizations and it needs to change frequently rather than adapting to old ways we should look forward and welcome the changes that the future has to present to us (Scheer, 2003). Contingency approach is not dominant nowadays as it does not prepare the employees for change rather it tells to wait for the problems to happen and then tackle those problems which is not viable. Thus change management process is more prevalent in todays world and is given the necessary recognition. Conclusion: Contingency approach is important in organizations because of the learning experience from certain situations and using these experiences in managing future prospects of such situations (Small Business - Chron.com, 2015). The change management models are useful in the way that they simplify and describe a process so that the principles can be applied and understood. Contingency approach is not dominant nowadays and change management is more prevalent. References: Businessballs.com,. (2015). change management principles, process, tips and change theory and models. Retrieved 18 February 2015, from https://www.businessballs.com/changemanagement.htm Education Portal,. (2015). Contingency Approach of Management: Definition, Example Quiz - Video Lesson Transcript | Education Portal. Retrieved 18 February 2015, from https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/contingency-approach-of-management-definition-example-quiz.html International, K., International, K. (2015). The 8-Step Process for Leading Change - Kotter International. Kotter International. Retrieved 18 February 2015, from https://www.kotterinternational.com/the-8-step-process-for-leading-change/ Referenceforbusiness.com,. (2015). Contingency Approach to Management - organization, levels, school, company, business, Contingency perspective and organization theory. Retrieved 18 February 2015, from https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Comp-De/Contingency-Approach-to-Management.html Scheer, A. (2003). Business process change management. Berlin: Springer. Small Business - Chron.com,. (2015). Contingency Approach Use in Business. Retrieved 18 February 2015, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/contingency-approach-use-business-33893.html

Thomas Alva Edison - a Man of Practical Genius free essay sample

Thomas Edison came from humble beginnings. As he stepped off the boat that brought him from Boston and took his first step in New York, he had only one small bag and a single dollar in his possession. The only shelter that he could find was in a battery room of a company on Wall Street and this is where he spent his very first night in New York. It has been said that opinions are not always facts! This is certainly true in the case of Thomas Edison. He was born in 1847 in a little town near to Milan, Ohio on the shore of Lake Erie. Close friends and relatives called him A1. Although Thomas was quite an intelligent young boy, one of his teachers ventured their opinion and suggested to his mother that A1 had an addled brain. His furious mother removed him from the school immediately and taught Thomas herself. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Alva Edison a Man of Practical Genius or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thomas Edison would in time prove that opinions are seldom facts! Thomas Edison endured further misfortune in his lifetime. After having overcome a bout of scarlet fever and recurring ear infections in childhood and an apparent blow to the side of his head, he remained hard of hearing for the rest of his life because ofa burst eardrum. He realized that time was precious. He wanted to succeed. Thomas Edison is quoted as saying: I am not discouraged, because every wrong attempt discarded is another step forward. And forward is the direction that Thomas also strove towards. Thomas Edison is generally well know for inventing the practical light bulb. His practical genius extended however to include many other inventions, perhaps less well known, but still significant. One day in 1877 Edison was working on a machine designed to record telegraphic signals on a wax cylinder. While making minor adjustments to the machine and talking to the mechanic, a needle on the achine pricked Edisons finger when he made a specific sound. Edison immediately made a rough sketch of a design that he wanted his mechanics to begin constructing. It was a machine designed to record and reproduce sounds. Upon completion, Edison picked up the ear-trumpet and spoke the first ever recorded words: Mary had a little lamb; its fleece was white as snow the phonograph was born. Thomas Edison is quoted as saying, l have not failed. Ive Just found 10,000 ways that wont work. So every time we turn on a light bulb and every time we listen to music, Thomas Edisons personal successes ensure that his legacy lives on.